树莓派官方系统安装和使用
硬件准备
- (1) 树莓派3 or 4
- (2) 128G的SDCARD
- (3) 16G的SDCARD
- (4) SD卡读卡器
软件准备
- (1) 操作系统 Raspbian
- https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/
- (2) SD卡格式化工具
- https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/formatter/eula_windows/index.html
(3) 系统烧写工具 win32diskimager
如何下载官方最新的操作系统
32位版本 https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspios_armhf/images/raspios_armhf-2020-12-04/
64位版本 https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspios_arm64/images/raspios_arm64-2020-08-24/
格式化系统SD卡 16G
- 安装 SD Card Formatter 5.0.1 Setup.exe
- 插入读卡器，然后打开 “SD Card Formatter” 应用软件，选择对应的SD盘符，选择格式化即可。
烧写系统
- win32diskimager 打开系统镜像烧写即可
插上网线上电
- nmap 扫描工具扫描树莓派地址
- 或者通过路由器查看树莓派地址
- 举例：（B8-27-EB-ED-78-65 192.168.0.113）
- 然后通过ssh登录树莓派(默认用户名/密码为pi/raspberry)
由于默认镜像是关闭SSH，打开方法
在烧录后的SD卡根目录下建一个名字为ssh的空文件（没有扩展名）或者文件夹就可以了
修改密码
sudo raspi-config 第一项改密码 第二项设置hostname 比如 pinas 第三项设置无线，或者用后面的方法添加无线 第四项设置时区为上海
更新为国外镜像源
sudo sed -i 's#://raspbian.raspberrypi.org#s://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/raspbian#g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sudo sed -i 's#://archive.raspberrypi.org/debian#s://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/archive.raspberrypi.org/debian#g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
更新镜像源（https://www.jianshu.com/p/67b9e6ebf8a0）
更新系统
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
sudo apt install -y vim curl wget git build-essential
其他常用工具vim git等，可以自行选择安装
系统版本
板子的版本（Pi 3B+)
pi@pinas:~ $ gpio readall
+-----+-----+---------+------+---+---Pi 3B+-+---+------+---------+-----+-----+
| BCM | wPi | Name | Mode | V | Physical | V | Mode | Name | wPi | BCM |
+-----+-----+---------+------+---+----++----+---+------+---------+-----+-----+
| | | 3.3v | | | 1 || 2 | | | 5v | | |
| 2 | 8 | SDA.1 | ALT0 | 1 | 3 || 4 | | | 5v | | |
| 3 | 9 | SCL.1 | ALT0 | 1 | 5 || 6 | | | 0v | | |
| 4 | 7 | GPIO. 7 | IN | 1 | 7 || 8 | 0 | IN | TxD | 15 | 14 |
| | | 0v | | | 9 || 10 | 1 | IN | RxD | 16 | 15 |
| 17 | 0 | GPIO. 0 | IN | 0 | 11 || 12 | 0 | IN | GPIO. 1 | 1 | 18 |
| 27 | 2 | GPIO. 2 | IN | 0 | 13 || 14 | | | 0v | | |
| 22 | 3 | GPIO. 3 | IN | 0 | 15 || 16 | 0 | IN | GPIO. 4 | 4 | 23 |
| | | 3.3v | | | 17 || 18 | 0 | IN | GPIO. 5 | 5 | 24 |
| 10 | 12 | MOSI | ALT0 | 0 | 19 || 20 | | | 0v | | |
| 9 | 13 | MISO | ALT0 | 0 | 21 || 22 | 0 | IN | GPIO. 6 | 6 | 25 |
| 11 | 14 | SCLK | ALT0 | 0 | 23 || 24 | 1 | OUT | CE0 | 10 | 8 |
| | | 0v | | | 25 || 26 | 1 | OUT | CE1 | 11 | 7 |
| 0 | 30 | SDA.0 | IN | 1 | 27 || 28 | 1 | IN | SCL.0 | 31 | 1 |
| 5 | 21 | GPIO.21 | IN | 1 | 29 || 30 | | | 0v | | |
| 6 | 22 | GPIO.22 | IN | 1 | 31 || 32 | 0 | IN | GPIO.26 | 26 | 12 |
| 13 | 23 | GPIO.23 | IN | 0 | 33 || 34 | | | 0v | | |
| 19 | 24 | GPIO.24 | IN | 0 | 35 || 36 | 0 | IN | GPIO.27 | 27 | 16 |
| 26 | 25 | GPIO.25 | IN | 0 | 37 || 38 | 0 | IN | GPIO.28 | 28 | 20 |
| | | 0v | | | 39 || 40 | 0 | IN | GPIO.29 | 29 | 21 |
+-----+-----+---------+------+---+----++----+---+------+---------+-----+-----+
| BCM | wPi | Name | Mode | V | Physical | V | Mode | Name | wPi | BCM |
+-----+-----+---------+------+---+---Pi 3B+-+---+------+---------+-----+-----+
系统版本
pi@pinas:~ $ cat /etc/rpi-issue
Raspberry Pi reference 2019-09-26
Generated using pi-gen, https://github.com/RPi-Distro/pi-gen, 80d486687ea77d31fc3fc13cf3a2f8b464e129be, stage5
镜像版本
pi@pinas:~ $ vcgencmd version
Sep 24 2019 17:37:19
Copyright (c) 2012 Broadcom
version 6820edeee4ef3891b95fc01cf02a7abd7ca52f17 (clean) (release) (start)
Linux版本
pi@pinas:~ $ cat /proc/version
Linux version 4.19.75-v7+ (dom@buildbot) (gcc version 4.9.3 (crosstool-NG crosstool-ng-1.22.0-88-g8460611)) #1270 SMP Tue Sep 24 18:45:11 BST 2019
树莓派支持 exFAT格式
使用exFAT格式,用于NAS盘
sudo apt-get install exfat-fuse
自动挂载128G外置SD卡，通过USB口挂载上来
fidisk -l
sudo vim /etc/rc.local
增加下面一行
sudo mount -o nonempty /dev/sda1 /home/pi/data
参考 https://elinux.org/RPi_Adding_USB_Drives
设置无线网络
(1) 设置无线 wlan0（编辑 /etc/network/interfaces，不需要了，只需要第二步即可）
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual
#iface eth0 inet static
#address 192.168.20.230
#netmask 255.255.255.0
#gateway 192.168.20.1
allow-hotplug wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
allow-hotplug wlan1
iface wlan1 inet manual
wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
(2) 设置多无线网络密码(编辑wpa_supplicant.conf)：
country=CN
ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
network={
ssid="111111"
psk="11111111"
priority=4
}
network={
ssid="222222"
psk="2222222222"
priority=4
}
参考：http://www.52pi.net/archives/58
supervisoid 安装和配置
sudo apt-get install supervisor 自动设置为开机启动,无需其他手动配置
vim /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf
; supervisor config file
[unix_http_server]
file=/var/run/supervisor.sock ; (the path to the socket file)
chmod=0700 ; sockef file mode (default 0700)
username=xxx
password=xxx
[supervisord]
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/supervisord.log ; (main log file;default $CWD/supervisord.log)
pidfile=/var/run/supervisord.pid ; (supervisord pidfile;default supervisord.pid)
childlogdir=/var/log/supervisor ; ('AUTO' child log dir, default $TEMP)
; the below section must remain in the config file for RPC
; (supervisorctl/web interface) to work, additional interfaces may be
; added by defining them in separate rpcinterface: sections
[rpcinterface:supervisor]
supervisor.rpcinterface_factory = supervisor.rpcinterface:make_main_rpcinterface
[supervisorctl]
serverurl=unix:///var/run/supervisor.sock ; use a unix:// URL for a unix socket
; The [include] section can just contain the "files" setting. This
; setting can list multiple files (separated by whitespace or
; newlines). It can also contain wildcards. The filenames are
; interpreted as relative to this file. Included files *cannot*
; include files themselves.
[include]
files = /etc/supervisor/conf.d/*.conf
frp反向穿透远程访问
(1) 树莓派板子supervisoid运行frpc的frp客户端
frpc.ini 配置如下：
[common]
server_addr = x.x.x.x
server_port = 7000
[ssh]
type = tcp
local_ip = 127.0.0.1
local_port = 22
remote_port = 6023
[minio]
type=http
local_ip = 127.0.0.1
local_port = 9000
custom_domains = minio.xxxxxx.com
[syncthing]
type=http
local_ip = 127.0.0.1
local_port = 8384
custom_domains = syncthing.xxxxxx.com
/etc/supervisor/conf.d/frpc.conf 配置如下：
[program:frpc]
command=/home/pi/frp/frpc -c /home/pi/frp/frpc.ini
stderr_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/frpc.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/frpc.log
#directory=/home/pi/frp
autostart=true
user=root
autorestart=true
startsecs=20
(2) frp Server端只要云frps服务器端
nohup /home/pi/frp/frpc -c /home/pi/frp/frpc.ini > /home/pi/frp/frp.log 2>&1 &
frps.ini 配置如下：
[common]
log_file = ./frps.log
dashboard_user = xxxxx
dashboard_pwd = xxxx
dashboard_addr = 0.0.0.0
dashboard_port = 7500
vhost_http_port = 9090
vhost_https_port = 9443
bind_addr = 0.0.0.0
bind_port = 7000
bind_udp_port = 7000
[camera]
type=http
custom_domains = camera.xxx.com
[minio]
type=http
custom_domains = minio.xxx.com
[syncthing]
type=http
custom_domains = syncthing.xxx.com
远程通过 ssh -oPort=6022 pi@x.x.x.x 访问树莓派 更加详细的配置见文档 https://github.com/fatedier/frp/blob/master/README_zh.md
树莓派板子supervisoid运行 minio
其类似S3对象存储，非常好用。浏览器和命令行都可以
wget https://dl.min.io/server/minio/release/linux-arm64/minio
chmod +x minio
测试一下
export MINIO_ACCESS_KEY=admin
export MINIO_SECRET_KEY=password
nohup /home/pi/minio/minio server /home/pi/data > /home/pi/minio/minio.log 2>&1 &
后台运行 /etc/supervisor/conf.d/minio.conf 配置如下：
[program:minio]
command= /home/pi/minio/minio server /home/pi/data
stderr_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/minio.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/minio.log
directory=/home/pi/minio
autostart=true
autorestart=true
user=root
startsecs=15
environment=MINIO_ACCESS_KEY="xxx",MINIO_SECRET_KEY="xxx"
synctings
其类似P2P的文件传输，需要安装一个命令行或者客户端才能同步，自动同步 可以将minio 和 synthings一起使用
测试一下
killall -9 syncthing
nohup ./syncthing -home=./config &
ps -aux | grep syncthing
另外修改config/config.xml中的address
<address>0.0.0.0:8384</address>
为 0.0.0.0:8384
浏览器访问 ip:8384即可访问，使用比较简单，设置文件夹和登录用户名密码即可
后台运行
/etc/supervisor/conf.d/syncthing.conf 配置如下：
[program:syncthing]
command=sudo /home/pi/syncthing/syncthing -home=/home/pi/syncthing/config
stderr_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/syncthing.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/syncthing.log
directory=/home/pi/syncthing
autostart=true
autorestart=true
user=root
startsecs=16
caddy负载均衡配置
minio.michaelapp.com {
proxy / minio.xxx.com:9090
tls xxx@xxx.com
}
syncthing.michaelapp.com {
proxy / syncthing.xxx.com:9090
tls xxx@xxx.com
}
QA：遇到的问题
(1) frp会导致服务 [E] [control.go:236] authorization timeout
原因时间区不对：
pi@pinas:~/frp $ date
Thu Apr 16 21:09:50 CST 2020 //CST表示时区对了
切换时区
sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
选择亚洲上海,即可
(2) syncthing 错误 “scan: readdirent: input/output error”
磁盘出现坏道，使用下面的命令进行修复。
sudo fsck -a /dev/sda1
sudo reboot
Camera截图和录制视频
从摄像头抓取一个图片
raspistill -t 2000 -o image.png
录制一段H264视频
raspivid -t 50000 -o video2.h264
参考：https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/raspbian/applications/camera.md
视频播放
通过HDMI0播放视频(Pi4B),HDMI0为USB电源口边上的那个HDMI口
sudo apt install omxplayer
omxplayer --display 0 f35.mp4
参考：https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/raspbian/applications/omxplayer.md
查看CPU温度等
vcgencmd measure_temp
参考：https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/raspbian/applications/vcgencmd.md